Which term describes the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms?

• A. Fermentation
• B. Freestone
• C. Fumet
• D. Gelatin

Answer: (A)

Fermentation is the process where microorganisms such as bacteria or yeasts break down sugars in a substance, often producing acids, alcohol, or gases. This microbial action is exactly what’s being described when we talk about the chemical breakdown driven by tiny organisms, and it’s a common method for preserving and flavoring foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, wine, and sourdough. The other terms refer to different ideas in cuisine: freestone describes a type of stone fruit whose flesh separates easily from the pit, fumet is a flavorful stock typically made from fish or shellfish, and gelatin is a gelling agent used to set textures, not a microbial breakdown process.